Research progress on regulation of N6-adenylate methylation modification in lipid metabolism disorders / 生理学报

Lipid metabolism is a complex physiological process, which is closely related to nutrient regulation, hormone balance and endocrine function. It involves the interactions of multiple factors and signal transduction pathways. Lipid metabolism disorder is one of the main mechanisms to induce a variety of diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma and their complications. At present, more and more studies have found that the "dynamic modification" of N6-adenylate methylation (m6A) on RNA represents a new "post-transcriptional" regulation mode. m6A methylation modification can occur in mRNA, tRNA, ncRNA, etc. Its abnormal modification can regulate gene expression changes and alternative splicing events. Many latest references have reported that m6A RNA modification is involved in the epigenetic regulation of lipid metabolism disorder. Based on the major diseases induced by lipid metabolism disorders, we reviewed the regulatory roles of m6A modification in the occurrence and development of those diseases. These overall findings inform further in-depth investigations of the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding the pathogenesis of lipid metabolism disorders from the perspective of epigenetics, and provide reference for health prevention, molecular diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.

Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced lipid metabolism disorder in SD rat liver and its effect on the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related proteins / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can cause lipid metabolism disorders in animal body and affect the lipolysis and synthesis of fatty acids. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) plays an extremely important role in this process. This study aims to explore the effects of PFOA on liver lipid metabolism disorders in Sprague Dewley (SD) rats and the expression of PPAR.@*METHODS@#A total of 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 in each group): a control group (ddH2O), a low-dose PFOA group [PFOA 1.25 mg/(kg·d)], a middle-dose PFOA group [PFOA 5.00 mg/(kg·d)], and a high-dose PFOA group [PFOA 20.00 mg/(kg·d)]. The rats were fed with normal diet, and PFOA exposure were performed by oral gavage for 14 days, and the rats were observed, weighted and recorded every day during the exposure. After the exposure, the blood was collected, and the livers were quickly stripped after the rats were killed. Part of the liver tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining; the contents of HDLC, LDLC, TG, TC in serum and liver tissues, as well as the activities of their related enzymes were assayed; The expression levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (Cbp), general control of amino acid synthesis 5-like 2 (Gcn5L2), peroxidation peroxisome proliferation factor activated receptor γ (PPAR), silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and human retinoid X receptor alpha 2 (Rxrα2) ) were detected by Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#After 14 days of PFOA exposure, the PAS staining positive particles in the cytoplasm and nucleus of SD rats in the medium and high dose groups were significantly reduced compared with the control group. The serum levels of LDLC and TC in the low-dose and middle-dose groups were significantly reduced compared with the control group (all P<0.05), while the high-dose group showed an increasing tendency, without siginificant difference (P>0.05), there was no significant difference in HDLC and TG (both P>0.05). The activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were increased significantly (both P<0.05) compared with control group; the ratio of ALT/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the high-dose group was increased significantly (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in LDH and TG (both P>0.05); the HDLC content in the liver tissues in the high-dose group was significantly reduced, compared with the control group (P<0.05); the TC contents in the liver tissues in the low, medium and high-dose groups were significantly increased (all P<0.05), there was no significant difference in LDLC and TG (both P>0.05); the AKP activity in the livers in the medium and high-dose groups was significantly increased (both P<0.05), there was no siginificant difference in LDH, ALT, and the ratio of ALT/AST (all P>0.05); the protein expression levels of Ppar γ, Cbp and Rxrα2 in the liver in the high dose groups were significantly down-regulated compared with the control group (all P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of Sirt1 were significantly up-regulated (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#PFOA exposure can cause lipid metabolism disorder and glycogen reduction in SD rat livers, which may be related to the activation of Sirt1 and inhibition of Ppar γ expression, leading to affecting the normal metabolism of fatty acids and promoting glycolysis.

Hemoglobina glucosilada en el diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional en mujeres mexicanas durante el tercer trimestre / Glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Mexican women during the third trimester

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo como predictores alternativos de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles a partir de 121 expedientes de pacientes embarazadas, divididos en dos grupos, pacientes con diabetes gestacional (casos) y gestantes con valores glucémicos normales (controles). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional y se obtuvo un punto de corte para la hemoglobina glucosilada. Se encontró que la obesidad materna, la edad y el antecedente del padecimiento fueron asociados significativamente con la diabetes gestacional. Valores de hemoglobina glucosilada ≥5% incrementaron el riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 veces y, aunado a un factor de riesgo, la probabilidad se incrementó 7 veces. Se concluye que los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo podrían emplearse como prueba diagnóstica de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Sin embargo, aunque las diferencias encontradas fueron estadísticamente significativas, los resultados se deben interpretar con cautela y requieren su confirmación con estudios que incluyan una muestra mayor.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analise glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy as an alternative predictor of gestational diabetes in North East Mexican cohort patients. This is a retrospective case-control study based on 121 records of pregnant patients, divided into two groups, patients with gestational diabetes (cases) and pregnant women with normal glycemic values (control). The risk factors associated with gestational diabetes were analised and a cut-off point for glycosylated hemogestaglobin was obtained. It was found that maternal obesity, age and a history of the condition were significantly associated with gestational diabetes. Values of glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5% increased the risk of suffering from gestational diabetes 4 times, and coupled with a risk factor, the risk increased 7 times. It is concluded that glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy could be used as a diagnostic test for gestational diabetes in patients from the North East of Mexico. Although the differences found were statistically significant, our results must be interpreted with caution and require confirmation by studies with a larger sample.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação como preditores alternativos do diabetes gestacional em pacientes na região nordeste do México. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles utilizando 121 prontuários de gestantes divididas em dois grupos; pacientes com diabetes gestacional (casos) e gestantes com valores de glicemia normais (controles). Foram analisados os fatores de risco associados a diabetes gestacional obtendo-se um ponto de corte para a hemoglobina glicada. Descobriu-se que a obesidade materna, idade e antecedentes da doença foram associados significativamente ao diabetes gestacional. Valores da hemoglobina glicada ≥ 5% aumentaram o risco de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 vezes, e juntamente a um fator de risco, a probabilidade aumentou 7 vezes. Conclui-se que os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação poderiam ser usados como teste diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional em pacientes da região nordeste do México. Embora as diferenças encontradas tenham sido estatisticamente significativas, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela e requerem confirmação através de estudos que incluam uma amostra maior.

Molecular mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in promoting differentiation of brown adipose tissue to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in diabetic rats / 中国中药杂志

This study explored the molecular mechanism underlying the Gegen Qinlian Decoction(GQD) promoting the differentiation of brown adipose tissue(BAT) to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in diabetic rats. After the hypoglycemic effect of GQD on diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin was confirmed, the total RNA of rat BAT around scapula was extracted. Nuclear transcription genes Prdm16, Pparγc1α, Pparα, Pparγ and Sirt1, BAT marker genes Ucp1, Cidea and Dio2, energy expenditure gene Ampkα2 as well as BAT secretion factors Adpn, Fndc5, Angptl8, IL-6 and Rbp4 were detected by qPCR, then were analyzed by IPA software. Afterward, the total protein from rat BAT was extracted, and PRDM16, PGC1α, PPARγ, PPARα, SIRT1, ChREBP, AMPKα, UCP1, ADPN, NRG4, GLUT1 and GLUT4 were detected by Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of Pparγc1α, Pparα, Pparγ, Ucp1, Cidea, Ampkα2, Dio2, Fndc5, Rbp4 and Angptl8 were significantly increased(P<0.05) and those of Adpn and IL-6 were significantly decreased(P<0.05) in the GQD group compared with the diabetic group. In addition, Sirt1 showed a downward trend(P=0.104), whereas Prdm16 tended to be up-regulated(P=0.182) in the GQD group. IPA canonical pathway analysis and diseases-and-functions analysis suggested that GQD activated PPARα/RXRα and SIRT1 signaling pathways to promote the differentiation of BAT and reduce the excessive lipid accumulation. Moreover, the protein expression levels of PRDM16, PGC1α, PPARα, PPARγ, SIRT1, ChREBP, AMPKα, UCP1, GLUT1, GLUT4 and NRG4 were significantly decreased in the diabetic group(P<0.01), which were elevated after GQD intervention(P<0.05). Unexpectedly, the expression of ADPN protein in the diabetic group was up-regulated(P<0.01) as compared with the control group, which was down-regulated after the administration with GQD(P<0.01). This study indicated that GQD promoted BAT differentiation and maturity to increase energy consumption, which reduced the glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and thereby improved diabetes symptoms.

Repercussões metabólicas: quais, como e por que investigar? / Metabolic repercussions: which ones, how and why investigate?

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é frequentemente acompanhada de distúrbio metabólico, principalmente dos carboidratos e dos lipídeos, aumentando o risco de síndrome metabólica. Por essa razão, alguns investigadores ainda denominam a SOP de síndrome metabólica-reprodutiva. O objetivo deste capítulo é descrever as principais repercussões metabólicas, bem como como investigá-las e saber como suas consequências podem ser deletérias para a saúde da mulher. Esta é uma revisão narrativa mostrando a implicação do metabolismo dos carboidratos e dos lipídeos nas dislipidemias, bem como da síndrome metabólica sobre o sistema reprodutor, e o risco cardiovascular da mulher com SOP. Conclui-se que o manejo adequado dos distúrbios metabólicos na SOP é benéfico a curto e a longo prazo tanto para o sistema reprodutor quanto para o cardiovascular.(AU)

Nutrigenomics as a tool in the prevention of lipotoxicity: the case of soy protein

Abstract Obesity is associated with an increase of several metabolic disorders leading to the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This is due in part to the ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in organs that are non-adipose tissues, leading to lipotoxicity. Particularly, in the liver, the accumulation of lipids, mainly of triglycerides, leads to the formation of fatty liver. The accumulation of lipids in skeletal muscle and pancreas associates with insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin secretion, respectively. In addition, it has been suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can contribute to the process of lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, especially in the liver. The aim of the present review is to highlight the mechanisms associated with the development of lipotoxicity, and how with the advances in nutrigenomics, it is now possible to understand the molecular mechanisms by which some nutrients can attenuate the ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues. Particularly, we emphasize research conducted on the molecular mechanisms of action of soy protein and some of its isoflavones, and how these can reduce lipotoxicity by preventing the accumulation of lipids in the liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, as well as their role on the gut microbiota to attenuate the development of fatty liver. Thus, nutrigenomics is opening new dietary strategies based on several functional foods that can be used to ameliorate the pathologies associated with lipotoxicity.

Avaliação prospectiva das repercussões no perfil lipídico das cirurgias que envolvem lipoaspiração e dermolipectomias / Prospective assessment of the repercussions on the lipid profile of surgeries involving liposuction and dermolipectomies

Introdução: Lipoaspiração associada a dermolipectomias é o procedimento cirúrgico mais comumente realizado em cirurgia plástica. Apesar de ser considerada uma cirurgia extremamente segura, algumas considerações devem ser levantadas a respeito dos possíveis efeitos metabólicos que essas cirurgias possam causar. O desenvolvimento da técnica tumescente de lipoaspiração permitiu a remoção de grande quantidade de gordura de modo mais seguro. O objetivo é comparar as variações do perfil lipídico em pós-operatório precoce e tardio de pacientes submetidos à lipoaspiração e dermolipectomias. Métodos: Entre outubro de 2006 e junho de 2012, 40 pacientes do sexo feminino candidatas a cirurgias que envolviam lipoaspiração e dermolipectomias foram acompanhadas prospectivamente e o perfil lipídico foi analisado por meio de exames no pré-operatório e no pós-operatório. As cirurgias realizadas foram: mamoplastia + lipoaspiração, abdominoplastia + lipoaspiração e lipoabdominoplastia + mamoplastia. Resultados: Das 40 pacientes que foram acompanhadas no estudo, 20 pacientes do sexo feminino foram selecionadas (após a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão). Em consonância com nosso estudo, Cazes, em 1996, demonstrou que após 12 meses de pós-operatório de lipoabdominoplastia não houve alteração do perfil lipídico das pacientes. Conclusão: Após análise pré- e pós-operatória de 20 pacientes, observamos que não há alterações estatísticas significantes em relação ao perfil lipídico com tendência de equilíbrio das aferições em um ano em patamares próximos aos observados no pré-operatório.

Introduction: Liposuction associated with dermolipectomies is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in plastic surgery. Although regarded as an extremely safe surgery, some considerations must be taken on the possible metabolic effects of these surgeries. The development of the tumescent technique in liposuction allowed the safer removal of large amounts of fat. The objective is to compare lipid profile variations in the early and late postoperative period in patients undergoing liposuction and dermolipectomies. Methods: Between October 2006 and June 2012, 40 female patients who were candidates for surgeries involving liposuction and dermolipectomies were prospectively followed, and the lipid profile was analyzed through preoperative and postoperative examinations. The surgeries performed were mammoplasty + liposuction, abdominoplasty + liposuction, and lipoabdominoplasty + mammoplasty. Results: Of the 40 female patients who were followed, 20 were selected (after applying the exclusion criteria). In agreement with our study, in 1996, Cazes showed that there were no changes in the lipid profile of patients 12 months after lipoabdominoplasty. Conclusion: After a preoperative and postoperative analysis of 20 patients, it was observed that there were no statistically significant changes in the lipid profile and that the measurements after 1 year were close to those obtained in the preoperative period.

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Disorders Lipid Metabolism via TYK2/STAT1 and Autophagy in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Previous studies have indicated that the plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) affects lipid accumulation; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. We aim to clarify the effect of DEHP on lipid metabolism and the role of TYK2/STAT1 and autophagy.@*METHODS@#In total, 160 Wistar rats were exposed to DEHP [0, 5, 50, 500 mg/(kg•d)] for 8 weeks. Lipid levels, as well as mRNA and protein levels of TYK2, STAT1, PPARγ, AOX, FAS, LPL, and LC3 were detected.@*RESULTS@#The results indicate that DEHP exposure may lead to increased weight gain and altered serum lipids. We observed that DEHP exposure affected liver parenchyma and increased the volume or number of fat cells. In adipose tissue, decreased TYK2 and STAT1 promoted the expression of PPARγ and FAS. The mRNA and protein expression of LC3 in 50 and 500 mg/(kg•d) groups was increased significantly. In the liver, TYK2 and STAT1 increased compensatorily; however, the expression of FAS and AOX increased, while LPL expression decreased. Joint exposure to both a high-fat diet and DEHP led to complete disorder of lipid metabolism.@*CONCLUSION@#It is suggested that DEHP induces lipid metabolism disorder by regulating TYK2/STAT1. Autophagy may play a potential role in this process as well. High-fat diet, in combination with DEHP exposure, may jointly have an effect on lipid metabolism disorder.

Carbohydrate and lipid disorders and adipokines levels in relation to body mass index in hypertensive patients / Trastorno del metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos y los niveles de adipoquinas en relación con el índice de masa corporal en pacientes con hipertensión

Abstract: Obesity is considered as a valid risk factor for cardiovascular disease, due to the fact that the risk of morbidity and mortality from various causes in obese people is significantly higher. Exact mechanisms of metabolic disorders in hypertension with obesity is still discussible. The aim of the study - to determine the peculiarities of carbohydrate, lipid metabolism changes and activity of adipokines and interleukin-22, in patients with hypertension according to nutritional status. Methods: 80 patients (37 males and 43 females) with essential hypertension (EH) of average age 60.17 years were examined. Carbohydrate, lipid profiles, apolipoprotein B (apo B), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), adiponectin, interleukin-22 (IL-22) were estimated. Results: In patients with EH and obesity was found carbohydrates metabolism abnormalities, that was manifested as hyperinsulinemia, glucose and HbA1c levels elevation and insulin resistance (according to HOMA index). Lipid metabolism disorders were observed as valid increasing of triglycerides and apo B. Body mass index elevation was associated with progressive increasing of TNF-α and PAI-1 concentration with reducing of adiponectin level in the patients with EH. Positive relationships between TNF- and HbA1c, apo B; PAI-1 with glucose levels: negative correlation adiponectin with body mass and waist to hip ratio were detected in the patients with obesity associated (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) EH. Positive significant correlations between apo B and insulin levels, HOMA index, and TNF-α concentration were defined. IL-22 in overweigh and obese patients was significantly higher, correlates negatively with HDL-C. Conclusion: In patients with EH and obesity the adipokine dysfunction was revealed, that correlates with carbohydrate and lipid parameters that indicate increased proinflammatory and prothrombogenic processes.(AU)

Resumen: La obesidad se considera un factor de riesgo válido para las enfermedades cardiovasculares, debido a que el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por diversas causas en personas obesas es significativamente mayor. Los mecanismos exactos de los trastornos metabólicos en la hipertensión con obesidad todavía son discutibles. El objetivo del estudio - determinar las peculiaridades de los carbohidratos, los cambios en el metabolismo de los lípidos y la actividad de las adipoquinas y la interleucina 22, en pacientes con hipertensión según el estado nutricional. Métodos: Se examinaron 80 pacientes (37 hombres y 43 mujeres) con hipertensión esencial (HE) de edad promedio de 60.17 años. Se estimaron los perfiles de carbohidratos, lípidos, apolipoproteína B (apo B), factor de necrosis tumoral-α (TNF-α), inhibidor activador del plasminógeno-1 (PAI-1), adiponectina, interleucina-22 (IL-22). Resultados: En pacientes con HE y obesidad se encontraron anomalías en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, que se manifestaron como hiperinsulinemia, elevación de los niveles de glucosa y HbA1c y resistencia a la insulina (según el índice HOMA). Se observaron trastornos del metabolismo de los lípidos como aumento válido de triglicéridos y apo B. La elevación del índice de masa corporal se asoció con el aumento progresivo de la concentración de TNF-α y PAI-1 con la reducción del nivel de adiponectina en los pacientes con HE. Relaciones positivas entre TNF- y HbA1c, apo B; PAI-1 con niveles de glucosa: se detectaron correlaciones negativas de adiponectina con masa corporal y relación cintura-cadera en los pacientes con obesidad (IMC ≥ kg/m2) asociada con HE. Se definieron correlaciones positivas significativas entre los niveles de apo B e insulina, el índice HOMA y la concentración de TNF-α. La IL-22 en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesos fue significativamente mayor, se correlaciona negativamente con HDL-C. Conclusión: En pacientes con HE y obesidad se reveló la disfunción de la adipoquina, que se correlaciona con parámetros de carbohidratos y lípidos que indican un aumento de los procesos proinflamatorios y protrombogénicos.(AU)

Prevalencia de dislipidemias en la región capital: resultados preliminares del estudio EVESCAM / Prevalence of dyslipidemias in the capital region: preliminary results of the EVESCAM study

Las dislipidemias son un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se desconoce la prevalencia actual de dislipidemias en la región Capital de Venezuela. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en adultos de la región capital evaluados en el estudio EVESCAM. Métodos: Estudio poblacional, observacional, transversal de muestreo aleatorio poliestratificado por conglomerados. Se evaluaron 7 comunidades de la Región Capital desde julio de 2015 hasta enero de 2016: El Retiro; Miranda Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y rural: Guatire: La Candelaria. Participaron 416 sujetos desde los 20 años de edad. Los puntos de corte para definir las dislipidemias fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia: colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dL; hipertrigliceridemia: triglicéridos (TG) ≥ 150 mg/dL; hipercolesterolemia: colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dL; colesterol LDL elevado: colesterol LDL ≥ de 130 mg/dL; dislipidemia aterogénica: TG ≥ 150 mg/dL más colesterol HDL bajo (mujeres: < 40 mg/dl y hombres: < 50 mg/dl). Las frecuencias se expresaron en porcentajes y se aplicó el estadístico Chi cuadrado, un valor de p < 0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La dislipidemia con mayor prevalencia fue la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (67.1%) seguida de la LDLc elevada (20%), hipercolesterolemia (17,1%), hipertrigliceridemia (12,0%) y por último dislipidemia aterogenica (9,4%). La hipoalfalipoproteinemia, fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres (81,6% y 60,8%; respectivamente, p < 0,001) presentándose con mayor prevalencia en el grupo etario de 20 a 40 años al contrario del resto de las dislipidemias. Conclusión: La hipoalfalipoproteinemia persiste como la dislipidemia más prevalente de la región(AU)

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The current prevalence of dyslipidemias in the Capital Region of Venezuela is unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in adults from the capital region of Venezuela evaluated in the EVESCAM study. Methods: apopulation based, observational, cross-sectional, and cluster sampling study was desing. Seven communities from the Capital Region were evaluated from July 2015 to January 2016: El Retiro; Miranda- Chacao: Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y Rural: Guatire: Candelaria. 416 subjects were included. Dyslipidemias was define as hypoalphalipoproteinemia: HDL cholesterol <40 mg/ dL; hypertriglyceridemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL; High LDL cholesterol: ≥ 130 mg/dL; therogenic dyslipidemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg / dL and low HDL cholesterol (women: <40 mg / dl and men: <50 mg / dl). The frequencies were expressed as percentages and Chi-square test was applied to assess differences. The level of statistical significance accepted was a p-value < 0.05. Results: The most prevalent dyslipidemia was hypoalphalipoproteinemia (67.1%) followed by elevated LDLc (20%), hypercholesterolemia (17.1%), hypertriglyceridemia (12.0%), and atherogenic dyslipidemia (9.4%). Hypoalphalipoproteinemia was higher in men than women (81.6% and 60.8%, respectively, p <0.001), with a higher prevalence at the age group of 20 to 40 years, unlike the rest of dyslipidemias. Conclusion: The hypoalphalipoproteinemia persists as the most prevalent dyslipidemia in the region(AU)

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associations with Lipid Profiles in Iranian Men: A Population-Based Screening Program

PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a collection of interdependent disorders, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and diabetes. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS in Qom, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population-based screening program was conducted in the city of Qom, in 845 urban adult men over 25 years old in 2014. Abdominal obesity, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure, and the serum lipid profile were measured in subjects after fasting for at least 8 hours. MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MS was 23.0%, and the most common prevalent metabolic abnormalities associated with MS were low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (102 cm in 33.9%, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg in 27.6%, fasting triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL in 25%, and FBG ≥110 mg/dL in 20.6%. A FBG level ≥110 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR]=4.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14~8.24), dyslipidemia (OR=3.51; 95% CI, 2.10~5.89), and a fasting TG ≥150 mg/dL were the most important factors contributing to MS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MS in men in Qom was higher than has been reported in other countries, but it was lower than the mean values that have been reported elsewhere in Iran. FBG was the most important factor contributing to MS, and all elements of the lipid profile showed important associations with MS.

Relationships between female infertility and female genital infections and pelvic inflammatory disease: a population-based nested controlled study

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to examine the associations of female genital infections and certain comorbidities with infertility. METHODS: The Taiwan National Health Research Database was searched for women with a new diagnosis of infertility between 2000 and 2013. Women without a diagnosis of infertility served as a control group and were matched with the infertility cases by age (±3 years) and index year. They were divided into two groups: ≤40 years old and >40 years old. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models were employed to identify the risk factors associated with infertility. RESULTS: A total of 18,276 women with a new diagnosis of infertility and 73,104 matched controls (mean cohort age, 31±6.2 years) were included. According to the adjusted multivariate analysis, pelvic inflammatory disease involving the ovary, fallopian tube, pelvic cellular tissue, peritoneum (odds ratio (OR)=4.823), and uterus (OR=3.050) and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar inflammation (OR=7.788) were associated with an increased risk of infertility in women aged ≤40 years. In women aged >40 years, pelvic inflammatory disease of the ovary, fallopian tube, pelvic cellular tissue, and peritoneum (OR=6.028) and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar inflammation (OR=6.648) were associated with infertility. Obesity, lipid metabolism disorders, dysthyroidism, abortion (spontaneous or induced), bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, and tubo-ovarian abscess were associated with an increased risk of infertility according to the univariate analysis but not the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Female genital tract infections, but not the comorbidities studied here, are associated with an increased risk of infertility.

Hipertrigliceridemia asociada a sobrepeso y obesidad en médicos del hospital San Francisco del IESS, en la ciudad de Quito: una alerta para los profesionales médicos / Hypertriglyceridemia associated with overweight and obesity in doctors at the San Francisco del IESS hospital, in the city of Quito: an alert for medical professionals

Contexto: la OMS menciona que la alteración del estado nutricional será notorio en países en vías de desarrollo, en los cuales se experimentará cambios acelerados en los regímenes alimentarios y el modo de vida de su población, y será una respuesta a "la industrialización, la urbanización, el desarrollo económico y la globalización de los mercados"; en Ecuador la población aumentó el consumo de productos alimenticios de rápida disponibilidad, saturados en grasas y con un gran contenido calórico; y según estadísticas actuales en la última década en Ecuador se ha demostrado un notable cambio nutricional. Y es por eso que, al existir estos nuevos accesos se debe tomar en cuenta a la Hipertrigliceridemia como factor de riesgo a futuro de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles especialmente cardiovasculares. Objetivo: describir la tasa de prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia en relación con el sobrepeso y obesidad en médicos del Hospital San Francisco del IESS en la ciudad de Quito del período 2015 ­ 2016. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio Epidemiológico Descriptivo de conjunto para describir la tasa de prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia y su relación con el estado nutricional del personal médico, para lo cual se utilizó el I.M.C. y nivel de triglicéridos en sangre. Mediciones principales: estado nutricional, triglicéridos. Resultados: se estudiaron 90 profesionales médicos, de los cuales el 60% IC95% 49,67 ­ 69,51% fueron mujeres con una media de edad de 37,96 ± 5,95 años y el 40% IC95% 30,49 ­ 50,33% fueron hombres de 40,94 ± 7,53 años de edad. Se observó que la prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia fue de 34,44% IC95% 25,45 ­ 44,72%, según el sexo fue de 22,22% IC95% 13,20 ­ 34,94% en mujeres y de 52,78% IC95% 37,01 ­ 68,01% en hombres. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 52,2% IC95% 37,76 ­ 57,98 %, por sexo fue de 42,59% IC95% 30,33 ­ 55,84% en mujeres y de 66,67% IC95% 50,33 ­ 79,79% en hombres. El 23,26% IC95% 13,15 ­ 37,74% de los 43 sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad fueron hipertrigliceridémicos, es decir, representa una tasa de Hipertrigliceridemia de 232,6 x cada 1000 habitantes con sobrepeso. Conclusiones: 5 de cada 10 médicos tuvieron obesidad. 3 de cada 10 médicos presentaron hipertrigliceridemia. Aproximadamente la cuarta parte de los sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen hipertrigliceridemia. La hipertrigliceridemia se relaciona con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Los profesionales de la salud tienen una alta prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia con sobrepesou obesidad, lo que los expone a desarrollar enfermedades de riesgo cardiovascular. (AU)

Context: the World Health Organisation has mentioned that accelerated changes in the food regime and lifestyles of the population will cause noticeable alterations in the nutritional conditions of people in developing countries occurring as a response to the "industrialization, urbanisation, economic development and globalization of markets". In Ecuador, people have increased their consumption of readily available food products which are high in saturated fats and are distinctly calorific; and thus, according to current statistics, in the past ten years a noticeable nutritional shift has taken place. It is therefore imperative to consider Hypertriglyceridemia as a future risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular ones. Objective: to describe the rate of prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in relation to excess weight and obesity in doctors working for IESS (National Health Service) San Francisco Hospital in Quito during the 2015 ­ 2016 period. Subjects and methods: this is an epidemiological descriptive set of studies using BMI and triglyceride counts, aimed at describing the prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia and its relation to the nutritional conditions of medical personnel. Main measurements: nutritional conditions, triglycerides Results: a total of 90 medical staff took part: 60% IC95% 49.67 ­ 69.51% were female with an average age of 37.96 ± 5.95 years, and 40% IC95% 30.49 ­ 50.33% were male ranging 40.94 ± 7.53 years of age. The prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia was 34.44% IC95% 25.45 ­ 44.72%, and according to gender: 22.22% IC95% 13.20 ­ 34.94% in women and 52.78% IC95% 37.01 ­ 68.01% in men. The prevalence of excess weight and obesity was 52.2% IC95% 37.76 ­ 57.98 %: in terms of gender 42.59% IC95% 30.33 ­ 55.84% in women and 66.67% IC95% 50.33 ­ 79.79% in men. The results indicated that 23.26% IC95% 13.15 ­ 37.74% of the 43 subjects suffering excess weight or obesity are hypertriglyceridemic: this is equal to a hypertriglyceridemic rate of 232.6 x per every 1000 overweight persons. Conclusion: five of every 10 doctors are obese, and 3 out of every 10 present Hypertriglyceridemia. Approximately a quarter of the persons suffering excess weight and obesity have Hypertriglyceridemia which is a disease that is directly related to excess weight and obesity. Medical professionals have a high prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia due to being overweight and obese, and are therefore at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.(AU)

Síndrome de Barraquer-Simons: revisão da literatura e relato de caso / Barraquer-Simons syndrome: literature review and case report

A síndrome de Barraquer-Simons é uma lipodistrofia caracterizada por progressiva atrofia do tecido celular subcutâneo limitada à parte superior do corpo. Seu acometimento costuma ser simétrico e com evolução craniocaudal, podendo atingir até as coxas. Também é conhecida como lipodistrofia céfalo-torácica ou lipodistrofia parcial progressiva. É uma doença rara, de origem obscura, que geralmente se manifesta no começo da segunda década de vida e tem predominância no sexo feminino. O presente trabalho objetiva trazer uma revisão da literatura e relatar um caso desta rara patologia e sua condução terapêutica, comparando-a a outras modalidades de tratamento disponíveis atualmente. Durante o período de um ano e três meses de seguimento, foram realizadas quatro sessões de enxertia de gordura seguindo os princípios da lipoenxertia estruturada. Por meio desta modalidade terapêutica, foi possível obter uma melhora importante do contorno facial com desaparecimento quase completo das depressões e irregularidades características da doença e preservação do resultado durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Diversos tipos de tratamentos foram descritos como efetivos para as lipodistrofias: uso de materiais aloplásticos, enxertos autólogos, retalhos locais e microcirúrgicos. Cada um deles possui suas vantagem e desvantagens e a escolha dependerá da experiência do cirurgião e da disponibilidade de recursos e materiais específicos em cada centro. A lipoenxertia se mostrou uma forma de tratamento eficaz, simples, segura e de baixo custo para tratamento da síndrome de Barraquer-Simons.

Barraquer-Simons syndrome is a type of lipodystrophy characterized by progressive atrophy of the subcutaneous tissue limited to the upper body. Its involvement is usually symmetrical with craniocaudal evolution, reaching down to the thighs. This syndrome is also known as cephalo-thoracic lipodystrophy or progressive partial lipodystrophy. It is a rare disease of unknown origin that usually manifests at the beginning of the second decade of life and has predominance among women. We report a case and literature review of this rare disease, its therapeutic management, and a comparison with other treatment modalities currently available. During one year and three months follow-up, four sessions of facial fat grafting were performed following the principles of structural fat grafting. The use of this therapeutic modality, improved significantly facial contour, and almost complete disappearance of depressions and irregularities, and preservation were achieved during follow-up time. A number of treatments have been described as effective for lipodystrophy, such as: use of alloplastic materials, autologous grafts, local and microsurgical flaps. Each treatment has advantages and disadvantages. Decision depends on the surgeon's experience, availability of resources, specific materials in each center.

Specific alterations in plasma proteins during depressed, manic, and euthymic states of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric mood disorder affecting more than 1-2% of the general population of different European countries. Unfortunately, there is no objective laboratory-based test to aid BD diagnosis or monitor its progression, and little is known about the molecular basis of BD. Here, we performed a comparative proteomic study to identify differentially expressed plasma proteins in various BD mood states (depressed BD, manic BD, and euthymic BD) relative to healthy controls. A total of 10 euthymic BD, 20 depressed BD, 15 manic BD, and 20 demographically matched healthy control subjects were recruited. Seven high-abundance proteins were immunodepleted in plasma samples from the 4 experimental groups, which were then subjected to proteome-wide expression profiling by two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomic results were validated by immunoblotting and bioinformatically analyzed using MetaCore. From a total of 32 proteins identified with 1.5-fold changes in expression compared with healthy controls, 16 proteins were perturbed in BD independent of mood state, while 16 proteins were specifically associated with particular BD mood states. Two mood-independent differential proteins, apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and Apo L1, suggest that BD pathophysiology may be associated with early perturbations in lipid metabolism. Moreover, down-regulation of one mood-dependent protein, carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA-1), suggests it may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive episodes in BD. Thus, BD pathophysiology may be associated with early perturbations in lipid metabolism that are independent of mood state, while CA-1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive episodes.

Xantomas eruptivos como primera expresión de dislipidemias y diabetes en un paciente con pancreatitis aguda / Eruptive xanthomas as first expression of dislipidemia and diabetes on a patient with acute pancreatitis

El xantomas eruptivos constituyen una entidad poco frecuente. Son una expresión clínica de trastornos severos del metabolismo lipídico, primario o secundario. En ocasiones se resentan asociados a condiciones que amenazan la vida del paciente. Clínicamete se manifiestan como pápulas amarillento-anaranjadas, de aparición súblita, asintomáticas. El estudio histopatológico evidencia macrófagos espumosos dérmicos. Si bien suelen ser autorresolutivos, el tratamiento de las alteraciones metabólicas y subyacentes acelera su desaparición y disminuye las complicaciones asociadas, como pancreatitis aguda y ateroesclerosis. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con pancratitis aguda grave, que 15 días previos había comenzado con una erupción papular, que ante ojos avezados, podría haber alertado de la condición metabólica bajo la que se encontraba...

Microbiota intestinal e risco cardiometabólico: mecanismos e modulação dietética / Intestinal microbiota and cardiometabolic risk: mechanisms and diet modulation

A microbiota intestinal, adquirida no período pós-natal, é composta por grande diversidade de bactérias que desempenham diferentes funções no hospedeiro humano, entre elas a absorção de nutrientes, proteção contra patógenos e modulação do sistema imune. O conteúdo bacteriano intestinal ainda não é totalmente conhecido, mas sabe-se que é influenciado por fatores internos e principalmente externos que modulam sua composição e função. Estudos indicam que a microbiota intestinal difere em indivíduos magros e obesos e ainda naqueles que mantêm hábitos alimentares diferentes. Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição de bactérias intestinais. Conhecimentos sobre a microbiota poderão reverter em diferentes estratégias para manipular as populações bacterianas e promover saúde. Esta revisão aborda a relevância do conhecimento sobre o papel de fatores ou padrões alimentares na composição da microbiota, assim como mecanismos fisiopatológicos de doenças metabólicas crônicas e as potencialidades de prebióticos e probióticos sobre o perfil de risco cardiometabólico.

The gut microbiota obtained after birth is composed of a large range of bacteria that play different roles in the human host, such as nutrient uptake, protection against pathogens and immune modulation. The intestinal bacterial content is not completely known, but it is influenced by internal, and mainly by external factors, which modulate its composition and function. Studies indicate that the gut microbiota differs in lean and obese individuals, and in individuals with different food habits. There is evidence that the relationship between diet, inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk are, in part, mediated by the composition of intestinal bacteria. Knowledge about the gut microbiota may result in different strategies to manipulate bacterial populations and promote health. This review discusses the relevance of understanding the role of dietary factors or patterns in the composition of the microbiota, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic metabolic diseases, and the potential of prebiotics and probiotics on the cardiometabolic risk profile.